Exploring the Significance of Chikuva/Huva in Indigenous Religion

By Brian Maregedze

Chikuva is generally translated from Zezuru (Shona dialect) to mean pot shelf or clay pot shelf in English. However, the term chikuva is variously explained as it goes beyond just a clay pot shelf. It is also interpreted as a sanctuary or sacred place found behind almost every hut in the Shona speaking world. Tracing from Ordinary level Family and Religious Studies, it has to be noted that chikuva or bhimbili is explained in the context of the sacredness of the hut-kitchen. The grave (guva), a cognate of chikuva, is the name given to the side chamber of the grave.

The sanctity of chikuva or bhimbili emanates from the belief that it's an abode of the ancestors implying the dialogue with the ancestors which takes place in the kitchen. As such, it is a ritual space-place.

There are also other rituals associated with death carried out in the hut-kitchen, namely; burial ceremony and bringing back ceremony. Besides that, marriage ceremony can also be held in this space. Family-level ancestors (vadzimu) are propitiated at clan/household level where prayers are said over the pot-shelf (chikuva) (kupira vadzimu, see also Shoko 2007: 58) prior to mukwerera.

Chikuva meaning a small grave is made of clay and takes the shape of a grave and commonly accepted to be to the east whilst the hut faces to the west where the sunsets. In modern Shona practice, the east of a village or house is sacred. Thus, the living sleep facing the east whilst the dead are buried facing the west. J. Mbiti argues that the head of the dead should be placed towards the chikuva so that the spirits of the ancestors recognise the shadow of the deceased in their bloodline.

In an interesting question that has to be answered is on who is suitable to pass through chikuva on burial? What age, condition or gender is placed at chikuva? Based on a study by Kamwendo and Manyeruke, not all corpses are placed on chikuva. It is basically for husband and wife of the house whilst children and others are only housed there.

Drinking water is placed on the chikuva to symbolise the everlasting flow of protection and life of the ancestors for the family. When rituals and ceremonies are performed beer calabashes are placed at the same chikuva and any communication with the ancestors is done facing the chikuva. These patterns are not uniform and it’s critical to observe since just like any house, designs may differ but with common structures.

Although indigenous people in Zimbabwe had colonial encounters particularly with Christianity, the tradition of chikuva seems to have survived. In a study among the Budya people in Manicaland province of Zimbabwe, they associate the centrality of chikuva to communication with ancestors. An academic historian, Aldrin Magaya in an interview with Peter Gamunorwa in 2017 noted the following reflections from the informant;

“remember in the 1950s when I decided to go and look for work my father called me to his house. He told me it was the tradition of our family to inform the ancestors and ask them for help with anything that we wanted. So, he kneeled down in front of the chikuwa [clay pot shelf] and started clapping bubububu [the sound of clapping]. He said ‘look after your child as he goes into the forests [unknown territory]. Make sure he will be able to kill animals during his hunt so that he can feed his family [meaning – help him secure employment so that he can take care of his family]. I then left for Mutare. After receiving my first salary, I bought a blanket for my father. It was customary at that time to buy a blanket for your father with your first salary. So I went back home. My father took the blanket and knelt in front of the chikuva and thanked the ancestors for looking after me. Although it was his blanket, it also belonged to the ancestors who had helped me. It was the custom. It is a custom that I also taught my children to adhere to, and I hope they will even pass it down to their children.”

Also interesting on narratives surrounding chikuva is the clay pots which are used. The Saunyama dynasty in North east Zimbabwe is known to pass through chikuva when petitioning for the rains under a ritual ceremony called mukwerera carried out in October. The Saunyama are indigenous people who live among the Manyika and the Maungwe under what archaeologists call the Nyanga archaeological complex. Their name ‘Saunyama’ is derived from the word ‘Vanyama’ which means meat hunters, and they are referred to as the mheta-chifambanedumbu (python) by totem. Their territory is centrally located within the complex bordered by the Nyangombe River and the town of Nyanga. For further reading on this aspect of symbolism and spirituality among the indigenous people in Zimbabwe, l encourage readers to use the readings l have listed under references. However, to lower six students Evelyn Usaiwevhu from St. Francis Chegutu and colleagues who posted questions on this section, am sure l have assisted with a better guide.

For feedback email bmaregedze@gmail.com.

References

Beach N.1998. Cognitive archaeology and imaginary history at Great Zimbabwe. Current Anthropology 39:47–72.

Bourdillon. M. F. C. 1987 “Guns and rain taking structuralism too far” in Africa 57 (2),

263-274.

Huffman, T.N. & Murimbika, M. 2003. Shona ethnography and Iron Age burials. Journal of African Archaeology 1: 237–46

Mararike, C. G. 2009 “Attachment Theory and Kurova Guva” in Zambezia36 nos 1/11, 36-47.

______ 2011. Survival Strategies in Rural Zimbabwe, 2nd Edition. Harare: Best Practices Books.

Magaya A. Christianity, Culture, and the African experiences in Bocha, Zimbabwe, C.1905 – 1960s. PhD Dissertation, The University of Iowa.

Manyanga M and Chirikure S. 2017. Archives, Objects, Places and Landscapes: Multidisciplinary approaches to Decolonised Zimbabwean pasts, African Books Collective.

Masunga J. and Kunatsa G. 2019. Family and Religious Studies book 3, Edulight Publishers, Harare.

Murimbika, McEdward T. 2006. Sacred powers and rituals of transformation: An ethnoarchaeological study of rainmaking rituals and agricultural productivity during the evolution of the Mapungubwe state, AD 1000 to AD 1300. PhD Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Decolonial Malema: the voice of reason on ‘Freedom Day’

By Brian Maregedze and Tedious Ncube

South Africa recently celebrated Freedom Day on 27^th April 2020. The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) Commander in Chief, Julius Malema made a serious call which resonates with Pan-Africanism, the need for unity among Africans and genuine decolonization in Africa. Drawing inspiration from the Cuban government, Malema argued that Africa should learn to take interventions which are guided by the leitmotif for unity. On 27^th of April 2020, 217 members of Cuba’s Medical Brigade landed in South Africa to assist fight Covid-19. South Africa and Cuba have a long history spanning from the liberation struggle as well as of sharing medical resources.

Image: Julius Malema

The global health crises pandemic as a result of Covid-19 exposes the truth that the world has no respect for Africans especially the black body. Typically identified in this context has been China with authorities in Guangzhou blaming black bodies as pathogens of Covid-19. Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province in southern China is a hub for African traders buying and selling goods and is home to one of China’s largest African communities. Many Africans in Guangzhou, including Nigerians, Ugandans, Kenyans and Ghananians have been arguably subject to unfair treatment. This is in spite of African governments support including its membership of the United Nations dating from the 1970s, territorial disputes in the South China Sea and treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang.

Although China McDonald apologized for the ban on black people which gained social media traction in the recent past, it exposes anti-black racism in general with the damage already committed.  Surprisingly, covid-19 has been arguably traced to Wuhan, a province in China.

Also equally blamed is the Africa National Congress (ANC)-led government on the way African bodies are treated, pin-pointing the xenophobic utterances, experiences and racist attacks on ‘other’ Africans living in the country. He further notes that there is no treatment of Africans as Africans thereby denying dignity and respect towards each other. The way food handouts have been patronized by the South African government clearly indicate an Africa full of self-hate since belonging is used as an entry point to distribution of the food. In this regard, Julius Malema emerges as the voice of reason in this time of global health crises.

Julius Malema also argued that;

“As revolutionaries, it is important that we remember this day as an important transition to a democratic dispensation, but not one where we achieved Independence. Many sacrifices and compromises were made, which saw the economy remain in the hands of the oppressor. Power remains with the white minority.”

Previously, Malema argued for a borderless African continent, with one ruling party; “We need a border-less continent, we need one currency, one parliament and one President that can unite the continent. We need a United States of Africa. We need one Africa.” Covid-19 has also exposed the hypocrisy of African leadership in general as they are adopting citizenship, exclusion and belonging as centerpieces for confronting the disease. The 1884-1885 Berlin conference mapping architecture by colonialists has remained in use way after African countries claimed their freedom. The underclasses who are the majority fall victim to these modern nation-state forms of territoriality since they are colonial relics. The Pan African dream enunciated by the late Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere has now waned and falling into deaf ears. Julius Nyerere argued that;

“I reject the glorification of the nation-state [that] we inherited from colonialism and the artificial nations we are trying to forge from the inheritance. We are all Africans trying very hard to be Ghananians or Tanzanians. Fortunately for Africa, we have not been completely successful. The outside world hardly recognizes our Ghananian-ness or Tanzanian-ness. What the outside world recognizes about us is our African-ness.”

Although some may choose to call this first generation of African leaders a failure, Malema is of the view that this generation played its part especially in seeking political freedom which forms the basis of seeking everything else.  Now that they rest in power, the second generation of postcolonial thinkers is faced with the task of projecting a future that is economically therapeutic especially for the youth. Unlike the first generation, this crop of thinkers is cognizant of the metaphysical properties of the colonial empire which are discharged on a daily basis to cushion the status quo.  The failure of the Marxist theory to account for these properties which go beyond radical political economy legitimize Malema’s assertion that the empire has other properties which are fully operational in derailing the process of decolonization.

Outside the Freedom Day speech context on 27^th April 2020, Julius Malema is on record to have ridiculed the visit by Theresa May to Africa in 2018 as not a personal attack on the individual, instead, as a prolific demonstration against the idea of seeking external theoretical support in responding to decolonizing the ‘colonized.’ It also colludes with the continent’s disinterest in Marxism which attempts to liberate natives using market mechanisms, where a strong black middle class (BEE) is created so as to address the question of land reform or economic redistribution. Undoubtedly this method is failing to deliver, 25 years into independence. It has happened in Zimbabwe, from the willing seller willing buyer structure which ignited the 2000 land grabs, to the concluded election which all attest to the failure of the working class mantra in rallying the continent’s population.

The making of the nation in South Africa has had many handicaps, with the Empire still controlling the Judiciary, white capital ‘capturing’ the ruling elite in such a way that the ordinary South Africans yearn for the ‘actual freedom.’ The current land question pauses a threat to ‘the rainbow nation’ as politics of ‘belonging,’ ‘inclusion’ and ‘exclusion’ come to the fore. The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) thus become an interesting layer of resistance to the Empire in the quest for ‘South Africanism,’ and unmasks the myth of decolonization in Southern Africa. The unfinished business of decolonization becomes open for all to see.

South Africa has been trapped in the judicial templates left by the colonizers which lubricate perpetual oppression of the indigenous people without their material resources such as land and mines. The call by Julius Malema a few years back to review Section 25 of the South African Constitution point to the need for a legal system which appeals to the indigenous people and land would be expropriated without compensation. This is a noble initiative since genealogically, the colonizers dispossessed the indigenous people with their fantasies and armed with terra nullius and terra incognito doctrines. Can these wrongs be corrected without being labelled by your own as a black racist?

The people are tired of being thrown into some exotic ideas which use them differently from what they expect from the fight against systemic exclusion. The opposition MDC Alliance which assumed that liberation means working class was clobbered by the second generation of postcolonial thought which saw the native beyond Marxism if not anything else outside the experiences of the majority.

The rude  realization that political economy alone is not enough to entirely liberate our people,  grants precedence to the second generation of post-colonial leaders like Julius Malema who in this article, is a central figure in defining the process of decolonization in the 21^st century, specifically locating the space of the African youth within the theory of decolonization. This is the generation that has realized that the process of decolonization itself has to be de-westernized. It has to be removed from the Marxist underpinnings which only view the economic liberation of black people from indicators like employment, which simplistically assume that the creation of a vast working class is tantamount to economic justice, nonetheless ignoring the fundamentals of liberation which speak to the question of economic participation beyond laboring in and for an economy that you do not own.

The native in South Africa is proving  to be more than a worker, contrary to the first generation of postcolonial thought which assumes that black people can be liberated within the context of a misplaced decolonization, the second generation of economic freedom fighters is proving beyond reasonable doubt, the nonsensical belief that economic freedom is only possible within the context of the machinery of either capitalism or communism,  it is proving that this abstract assumption is tantamount to saying that what is good for the capitalist or its affiliates is good for everyone. A suggestion that is patently false as far as what is known about the peculiarity and specificity of the native condition is concerned. In this regard, the second generation of postcolonial thought as embodied by Julius Malema, is now demanding for the re-positioning of the decolonial movement,  a call for the indigenization of the concept such that it can see the oppression of black people in commemoration of the ontological density of blackness.

 Malema’s trending sentiments are therefore a relevant discourse which must be accepted with concern; they resonate with the ignored message that was articulated by the South African students in 2015 when they demanded for Rhodes to fall, a demand for the total liberation of the continent’s second generation.  Their case transcended the secret language of apartheid, into reflecting the deep racial disparities that continue to describe the South African situation today. Although the direction of South African politics concerning the question of land is still unclear, Julius Malema’s attitude still reflects the evolution of the decolonial concept in Africa, the shift from merely focusing on objects of inquiry like poverty and unemployment, into focusing on the transporters of those objects of inquiry, which are the metaphysical  handlers of colonialism, for instance the theoretical framework used in apprehending decolonization, the international market and the so called index of economic stability which somehow skips the condition of black people.

Franz Fanon with The Wretched of the Earth pronounced well the vanity of post-independent African governments. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, the Kenyan prophet of economic justice in Devil on the Cross echoed the same sentiments. Cyril Ramaphosa conscious of the urgent need to address Malema’s decolonial reminder, has also hijacked the land question. “The dignity of the people is rooted and founded in their ownership of land” echoed Julius Malema (Sane Dhlamini, 2018). Although the country celebrated its Freedom Day on 27^th April 2020, Malema affirmed that the country was not yet independent.

Is it by sheer coincident that South Africa, over twenty years after its independence has witnessed the meteoric rise of the EFF to challenge existing injustices on the land question? Interestingly, the EFF is aware of the ‘bullies’ that are making noise from the Global North with imposition of sanctions as one of their route. Although the decolonization process may be painful, it is a worthy cause. Julius Malema and EFF are rather defying the ‘ego politics’ of Euro-North American thought systems. Perhaps, drawing from Ramon Grosfoguel (2012:97), unmasking the West’s attitude towards Africans are well argued;

“During the last 520 years of European/Euro-North-American capitalist/patriarchal modern/colonial world system, went from “convert to Christianity or l kill you” in the 16th century to, “civilize or I will kill you” in the 18th and 19th centuries, to “develop or l will kill you” in the 20th century, and more recently, the “democratize or I will kill you” at the beginning of the 21st century. We have never seen respect or recognition of indigenous, Islamic, or African forms of democracy as a systematic and consistent Western policy. Forms of democratic alterity are rejected a priori.”

As such, decolonization has mutated into discovering itself at the centre of the struggles of natives, attesting to the theoretical failure of the former which took for granted the notion that decolonization can never borrow from a history that did not experience colonialism. It can only be the colonized who can be decolonized. The shift of the land reform from being a socialist movement into being a social welfare project is another signal that decolonization is no longer stationed on some obscure ideology, but rather it is now centred on the experiences and struggles of the landless people in the continent. A contrast of the students’ demands for a decolonized university that is centred on indigenous knowledge systems and Malema’s declaration to sacrifice his political career for the economic empowerment of the landless peasants, the suffering working class and the alienated groups, therefore situates the concept of decolonization at the epicenter of the continent’s long term goals of economic independence.

Brian Maregedze is an author, historian and columnist (membership: Leaders for Africa Network [LAN] and Zimbabwe Historical Association [ZHA]). For feedback email bmaregedze@gmail.com

Tedious Ncube is a Political Science and Public Management Researcher with Leaders for Africa Network [LAN]. TediousNcube@icloud.com

Disclaimer: These are their own views.

The story of a Historian Orator and Author: Mr Muso

By Brian Maregedze

The Zimbabwe’s New Curriculum under the ministry of primary and secondary education has witnessed the emergence of new names in textbooks authorship. Manners Msongelwa popularly known as Mr Muso recently joined this breed of emerging authors in Historical studies for secondary school learners. Mr Muso co-authored a form 3 textbook, New Trends in History with other writers, namely; Constain Tandi and Phylis Mutasa published by Edulight Publishers.

The pedagogue of History from primary to tertiary level remains an indispensable facet in our everyday life not only in Zimbabwe, but, the world over. To some, history as a subject is pursued for the acquisition of knowledge(s) in a way to uphold the heritage of a people. Four years ago at a High school Seminar organized by Advocate Arthur Marara in Harare, l met with the Historian Orator and author, Manners Msongelwa a.k.a Mr Muso. With Mr Muso, the learning of History is not only for fulfilling public examinations demands but for everyday living and sharing of long lasting memories.

It is no wonder in his social media circles, Mr Muso offers reading material whenever possible and yes, as a teacher by heart, he also belongs to the pioneers of the History Teachers Association. Mr Muso is currently the president of History Teachers Association of Zimbabwe. An interesting dimension added to his work ethic is that of inspiring his students with a strong moral ethic as a foundation to excel in all academic and life endeavors. It is on this accord that it is paramount to pay a tribute to his contribution. Moreover, it is imperative to acknowledge his genuine intellectual role in building a primary source of understanding our past, reclaiming its significance in the present to map the future. 

We are living in a swiftly transfiguring world such that emphasis on historical teaching seems in some circles to be trivialized. During the first generation of Zimbabwe’s independence, the learning of history has undergone various transformations. The major being the introduction of the New Curriculum as per recommendations from the Nziramasanga Commission which sought to ground the education system in 

Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKSs). The Hillside trained teacher, Mr Muso made an inspiring initiative two year ago from which learning of history goes beyond the vicinity of school yard. The pedagogue of history has been made easy since Mr Muso created History audios and video learning material covering a miscellany of both African History and Regional and International Affairs topical issues. The audios and video learning material are also affordable such that everyone interested in learning History can buy and access them without any obstacle countrywide. This is in sync with global trends in embracing information communication technologies (ICTs) in the education sector. With Coronavirus (Covid-19) impacting negatively on the normal operations of the education system, its high time efforts are made to accelerate usage of ICTs as much as possible. This however, may be a privilege inaccessible to many learners who don’t have access to electricity and e-learning gadgets.

More interesting is how Mr Muso has revived the ‘Von Rankian’ Seminar approach to the learning of History at high school in a way that he has become the Historian Orator of the New Curriculum. Based on high school History Seminars I have since attended with Mr Muso as the Host Speaker, it is undeniable that his indefatigable oratory skill and engaging energetic stance distinguishes him to stand among the best speakers that learners enjoy having around. With his reverberating tone when delivering lessons, testimonies of students on his credence aloft.

The new history textbooks are well engaging with ICT activities allowing learners to explore more on the topics studied. Cross cutting themes including human rights, gender among others are dealt with. However, the illustrations of book covers are androcentric in representation. Given the positive contributions in historical studies on gender dynamics in Zimbabwe, it's advisable for Edulight publishers to rethink such an important overlooked aspects. This is so, given the androcentric illustrations on book covers, Book 1, book 2 and book 3 with Constrain Tandi contributing to the books. Historiographical trends complementing social history representation is therefore vital.

For information, I encourage History teachers and students, as well as those with passion for History as a subject to Call/App +263 717 453 073 or +263 717 453 080. Web: www.study.co.zw or email; info@learningfactory.co.zw

Brian Maregedze is an author, historian and columnist. Author of; A Guide to Sources of African History: For Advanced Level Examination Candidates, 2018. https://www.amazon.com/Guide-Sources-African-History-Examination/dp/1985640600,  Link to the e-book. Researcher with Leaders for Africa Network (LAN), a Pan African think tank. Membership with Zimbabwe Historical Association [ZHA]. Comments, email; bmaregedze@gmail.com

Medicine and religion at war: Covid-19 and [re]emerging narratives in Zimbabwe

By Brian Maregedze

As a student of History, I have been following various narratives on the novel Corona virus (Covid-19) and the various conflicting narratives in explaining the disease and the best possible responses to take. Covid-19 broke out in December last year in the Wuhan of China. Pandemics are the natural domain of medical practitioners. However, religious voices have been clamouring for space to offer explanations, sometimes contradicting scientists and health experts. Preventive such as social distancing sometimes take a back seat to theories bordering on the conspiratorial.

Based on medical research on the disease, Corona virus belongs to a large family of viruses which may cause illness in humans and animals. These cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases including Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Remarkably, the new virus was known before the outbreak began in Wuhan late last year but a potential discussion around it was muzzled by the state. The source of Covid-19 has not been definitely established though it has been linked to the wet market of Wuhan.

Religious leaders have tried to keep up with the novelty. United Family International Church (UFIC) leader Emmanuel Makandiwa claims to have predicted a disease that will come out of the sea. Other religious voices like Mambo Dhuterere are making headlines for blasting fake prophets amid the global fight against the pandemic (Daily News, 28 March 2020). The gospel musician and preacher made this reference in light of failure by self-styled prophets to predict the pandemic in their December 2019 cross-over services. Although Mambo Dhuterere was cautious on pointing out that there are some true prophets, he received much criticisms from those who didn’t agree with him.

Zimbabwe has many self-claimed prophets and I don’t seek to pay much attention to whether they’re true or false. Efforts to prove that some among Zimbabwe prophets forewarned on this pandemic way before it made headlines have been replayed in social media networks. Emmanuel Makandiwa indeed attracted both local and international media spaces. To the ardent followers of UFIC, this has been a moment of serving under a genuine prophet of God. The celebratory messages and confessions circulated on social media spaces, Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp, sometimes Instagram. The Sunday Mail, a leading state-controlled weekly made such a report, attracting much criticism from those whom I shall call rationalists (The Sunday Mail, 22 March 2020). Rationalists in the sense that they are critical of Pentecostal prophets and critical of religion in general. 

On the other hand, the apocalyptic flock argues that these are the last days that were predicted in the Bible. Sylvia Browne and Lindsay Harrison’s End of Days: Predictions and Prophecies about the End of the World (2008) took another space with some pages of its contents circulating on social media. In the book, it’s noted that, “in around 2020, a severe pneumonia-like illness will spread throughout the globe, attacking the lungs and the bronchial tubes and resisting all known treatments.” Also noted in the same book is that, “almost more baffling than the illness itself will be the fact that it will suddenly vanish as quickly as it arrived, attack again ten years later, and then disappear completely.” This is a publication which has resurfaced after having been written twelve years ago. Unfortunately, Sylvia Browne died in 2013 without having to witness her work making another influence it never had over a decade ago. A fact checking website, Snopes.com noted that the SARS virus had occurred a few years back before she published the book and this could have inspired the book.

Equally much talked about is the Seventh Day Adventist Ellen G. White with believers in this cause arguing that the outbreak of the pandemic has been an open secret for a long time and there is no need to panic.

What I have grasped as falling under medicinal aspects relates to responses and perceptions associated with Covid-19 as they are represented in media narratives.  The aspect of vaccines attracted a lot of social media conspiracy theories. It is, however, not new in Africa to find indigenous people being critical of western medicine. According to a report in the Fact & Fiction section of The Standard, some of the issues that have generated a lot of attention to the point of creating confusion among readers tie together Makandiwa, Bill Gates, vaccines and microchips. This followed Makandiwa’s sermon on 5 April, arguing that there is a plan to inject electronic implants into people under the guise of Covid-19 vaccinations. The electronic implants were claimed to be carried out by the Microsoft founder Bill Gates through his Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. This was however debunked by the World Health Organisation as falsehood. Added to that, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation argued that the reference to ‘digital certificates’ was to create an open source digital platform with a goal of expanding access safe, home-based testing and, as such, no implants are involved.

Notably, Zimbabwe’s minister of defense and war veterans, Oppah Muchinguri-Kashiri made international headlines for claiming that the Covid-19 was unleashed by God to deal with western countries for imposing sanctions on Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwe minister was quoted saying, “Corona virus is the work of God punishing countries that imposed sanctions on us. They are now keeping indoors. Their economies are screaming just like they did to ours. Trump should know he is not God.” Along the same lines, Buhera South legislator Joseph Chinotimba argued that the Corona virus was sent by God to cleanse the world.

Important lessons from the above circumstances are indicative of how under pandemics, humanity has a crisis of faith and a crisis of comprehension. Crisis of comprehension involves lack of understanding, or inability to grasp, a certain phenomenon or experience. Medicine and religion are at loggerheads.

For feedback e-mail: bmaregedze@gmail.com