The Bible and Homosexuality, Book Review

THE BIBLE AND HOMOSEXUALITY IN ZIMBABWE: A SOCIO-HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL, CULTURAL AND CHRISTIAN ARGUMENTS IN THE HOMOSEXUAL PUBLIC DEBATE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF THE BIBLE , MASIIWA R. GUNDA, VOL. 3, BIAS-BIBLE IN AFRICA STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF BAMBERG PRESS, ISBN: 978-3-923507-74-0, EISBN: 978-3-923507-75-7, 2010

By Brian Maregedze

Classroom practitioners and students have been preoccupied with efforts to deal with resource material inadequacy whilst to some absorbing anything and everything found on the internet, information circulating on social media when attempting to deal with questions has been the order of events. The book under review is still timely and worth reading as it deals with a controversial topic in Christian circles as well the general public in general. The issue of authority of the Bible as well as the topical aspect of homosexuality leaves many emotional, due to the varying magnitude of (re)interpretations. The book was written at a time when Zimbabwe was under the Government of National Unity (GNU) [2009-2013]. The homosexuality debate became even more contentious in Zimbabwe’s political landscape as the author of the book alludes to. Before any attempt to review this work under study, l shall make an attempt to enlighten the reader/s the relevance of the work in relation to Advanced Level Family and Religious Studies. The authority of the Bible, concept of sin, church-state relations, Christianity and marriage can be well addressed by the book as per demands of the syllabus. This book was written by a seasoned scholar and attempts are made to interpret the various texts in the Bible beyond the confessional approach that classroom practitioners and students encounter when dealing with such sensitive topics both in the classroom as well in various social interaction forums. How then does this author unpack the topic of, The Bible and Homosexuality? What challenges do we have as a country in dealing with this aspect of sexuality? The foregoing review identifies the debates on the Bible and Homosexuality in Zimbabwe with a summative approach to the various topical issues dealt with in the whole book.

A corpus of works on homosexuality have been written in Zimbabwe and beyond. Gunda’s work contributes to this body of literature that attempts to take a critical socio-historical analysis on the Bible and Homosexuality. Other scholars like Marc Epprecht gave a foundational historical orientation. Is homosexuality a western culture or it has always been found in Africa prior to colonialism? These are vital questions that have dominated public discourse during the Mugabe era with Morgan Tsvangirai being allegedly accused of supporting homosexuality.  With only eight chapters, the 501 page book always pushes anyone to continue reading with energy as every chapter follows thought after thought. The introductory chapter informs the scope of the study and situate it within the scholarly works of this interesting topic. The second chapter develops into a contested terrain as western views and African views with particular focus on Zimbabwe come to the fore, positioning the way the westerners brought the Bible to indigenous people. The questions on ownership of the Bible are dealt with, although the reader is challenged particularly on indigenous Zimbabweans who are divided on the importance of the Bible in daily interaction.

Chapter three then traces the historical background of the aspect of gays, lesbians from the pre-colonial era in Africa-Zimbabwe, moving in epochs, to 1995 whereby the former President Robert Mugabe made it clear with a radical tone that homosexuals are, “worse off than dogs and pigs”. More observable is that, Tabona Shoko (2010) deals with the issue in a seventeen page article, demonstrating the attitudes that Zimbabweans have towards homosexuals. Generally, these works identify homosexuals in light of same sex marriages, relations. Reflections on human rights and sexuality are dealt with again, although the hostile Zimbabwean milieu demonstrate a long walk to come to terms with such a situation.

Chapter four moves into the complex political landscape, with commonly held traditional leadership beliefs and modern political grounding pointed out. The un-African element is pointed out although recent research from the likes of Ezra Chitando and Mateveke (2017) call for the need to Africanise homosexuality.

Chapter five, six and seven appeals fore-mostly to Christians as attempts to explain why Christians condemn homosexuality using the scriptures are pursued. However, challenges associated with such scriptural approach are posited thereby moving away from the confessional approach of the Bible. The authority of the Bible in dealing with such matters as sexuality become more apparently philosophical as the author critically deals with challenges involved. The Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) world, Old Testament and New Testament milieu is analysed based on same-sex marriages with Biblical and scholarly skill.

Last but by no means least, chapter eight succinctly deals with the debates on homosexuality in Zimbabwe with a critical overview.  Collections from Bible in Africa studies are vital for every classroom practitioner, researcher and student as well with articulated researches put across with a wealth of information. However, to the uninitiated academically in Religious Studies, the confessional approach reader is compelled to retire before finishing the book. A good reader may only need not more than seventy-two hours to quench the thirsty for, The Bible and Homosexuality in Zimbabwe.

About author

Brian Maregedze co-author of Advanced Level Family and Religious Studies Focus on Christianity and Islam (2018), historian, independent researcher, and blogger. Feedback email bmaregedze@gmail.com

PROPHET DOCTOR WALTER MAGAYA, THE RAPIST?

PROPHET DOCTOR WALTER MAGAYA THE RAPIST?
By Brian Maregedze

Prophets in Zimbabwe have been involved in various scandals which include duping congregants of the hard earned money, property related matters as well as other business dealings. Recent media reports have turned to Walter Magaya’s trial of alleged rape and unlawful termination of pregnancy set for April 2018. This whole issue brings memories of the so called prophets in Zimbabwe in light of the abuse of women in general. It is no doubt that the ZANU PF led government has been accused over the recent years of silencing the clergy, prophets, religious leaders by way of character assassination and other machinations related to women rape cases. Interestingly, the so called new political dispensation which took shape in November 2017 with the leadership of Emmerson Mnangagwa seems to leave thinkers, analysts being confronted with new approaches to challenges of dealing with prophets and the believers. Are there any possibilities for changes from Robert Mugabe led regime on matters of state-church relations? Of all matters to do with prophets, why has Magaya’s case, still outstanding despite changes in leadership within the ruling party ZANU PF? This blog post seeks to use M. Hove and Chenzi’s article as a locus of enunciation so to borrow from the decolonial dictionary, as they posit a Robert Mugabe who labelled Pentecostal prophets, as prophets of doom before his political demise.

The Philanthropist

Late last year, Walter Magaya appeared in the Herald Newspaper of November 29 2017 titled, Meet Magaya the Philanthropist. A Philanthropist simply relates to a person who loves mankind, the human race in general as emphasized by the English Oxford Dictionary. Generosity forms the focal point of understanding Philanthropy. The Herald Newspaper narrative starts by referring to a Walter Magaya teenage experience, persuading his parents to take care of Nyasha whom they had seen scavenging for food in the streets of Harare. Nyasha who had spent most of the time staying in the streets got the opportunity of a lifetime on this incident and now based in South Africa. For Magaya’s community building, the University of South Africa (Unisa) honoured him with a Doctorate degree in recognition of his works in various communities. It was further reported that Magaya had made donations regionally in countries like South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Swaziland as well as outside the region with Portugal and United Kingdom not left out. The heart for the marginalized is articulated on the part of the Magaya, and in Zimbabwe constructing a school for the Doma people found in Mashonaland Central Province. Added to this is that, the Doma people will attend the school for free. His (Magaya) philanthropic works have also been traced from his days as a Roman Catholic follower under the Blood of the Lamb Christian Community which is a charismatic movement. Many other projects have been identified but the paradox of the matter now haunting Magaya is that of rape cases. Other roles attached to Magaya include being a farmer, prophet, businessmen among others. The story of Magaya’s honourary degree also came at a time when efforts by many Zimbabwean leaders seeking to attain titles of being called Doctors (Dr.). What is in an honourary degree? Perhaps some other day, this question will be adequately dealt with.
Walter Magaya and Rape
A number of scholars have tended to position Walter Magaya as a victim of the ZANU PF regime in light of the various rape cases levelled against him. Mediel Hove and Vincent Chenzi (2017) argue that Robert Mugabe used various tactics to silence Walter Magaya deploying, character assassination, rape charges, arrests, court trials and false accusations among others. This is in relation to Walter Magaya being among the league of religious leaders who castigated the Mugabe led regime. These two academics can be observed to be developing their position based on the background which they draw their examples from religious leaders like Pius Ncube the former Roman Catholic Bulawayo Archbishop who is also known as an advocate of human rights allegedly video sex scandal in 2007. It has also become common that whenever self-claimed prophets are involved in various scandals, ZANU PF has been accused of being involved whether with or without evidence to sustain such notions. The case of Gumbura of the End Time Message bears testimony to some of the narratives.

Caption of photo courtesy of Herald Newspaper Prophet Doctor Walter Magaya.

A closer reading of media narratives demonstrate that, Walter Magaya had initially argued that he could not be tried for a rape case since the complainant of the matter had voluntarily dropped the charges. However, Magaya’s challenge was dismissed by the Constitutional Court (ConCourt) leaving him facing new charges of unlawful termination of pregnancy and obstructing and defeating the course of justice charge (Gift Mawire, 2018). This case has been scheduled for 3 April 2018. Why then is the story of Walter Magaya worth some reflections? Far from the narratives that have been perpetuated, I seek to take a different dimension which focuses on all females in general. To believers, followers of Magaya, they are some who view him as a victim of the political leadership whilst to some character assassination by the local media but I contend for the need to move beyond such an approach as the prevalence of rape cases and so called prophets remains an anathema.

Of Nigerian Prophets and Walter Magaya

The story of Walter Magaya is not new considering the way prophets in general have been involved in sexual assaults of female church members. T. B. Joshua a Nigerian prominent prophet is viewed as the mentor of the Prophetic Healing and Deliverance Ministries (PhD) founder and leader Walter Magaya. Chima Aguzae (2016) critically analyses on the role played by Pentecostal prophets Southern Nigeria who are involved in rape cases in the name of exorcising believers that is “spiritual cleansing”. Some of the forms of sexual abuse which have led to sexual exploitation of women include; poverty, unemployment, pedophilia, displacement, orphan hood, a parent’s /guardian’s illness or death, dysfunctional government, among other factors. Due to fear of demons, women have been cornered into sexual assaults by mainly male prophets in Nigeria. Zimbabwe is not left out in this whole aspect. Herbert Senda of the Johanne Masowe WeChishanu YeNyenyedzi as reported by the Herald Newspaper also expose how the self-proclaimed prophet told a woman that his manhood would heal her. The woman had problems which are not indicated in the story. This story reflects on some examples drawn in Nigeria by Chima Aguzae. On whether Magaya is a true or false prophet, l have dealt with debates on true and false prophets elsewhere, hence consciously leaving out that debate. Magaya is sometimes labelled as the Anointed One as stated by David Garrard (2017). Sexual assaults are brought in the name of being sanctified of worldly challenges. The next blog post shall make an attempt to discuss the topic of abortion and the Bible.

Conclusion

The story of Walter Magaya and the rape case/s brings memories of how prophets are not only viewed in good faith but rather they should be taken with a critical eye as they can commit heinous crimes on humanity, the flock they claim to protect become victims. The narrative of character assassination demands some revisits. Female believers, law enforcement agents should be vigilant in as far these so called prophets are concerned. It is still a thorny issue to make believers view their church leaders with a pinch of salt. Human rights activists should also play their part in challenging the church on these aspects as its position is being tainted now and again. As the law courts are unearthing the story of Walter Magaya, Emmanuel Makandiwa has not been left out in a contentious case with a couple which is claiming to have been duped. Was Robert Mugabe apt when he labelled these prophets as prophets of doom in light of these cases levelled against them? Food for thought.

For feedback
Email; bmaregedze@gmail.com

Robespierre and the French Revolution

Examine the role played by Robespierre in the French Revolution.

Using various social media platform like WhatsApp, Facebook, the above question appeared in over ten groups for History Advanced level candidates and l found it prudent to take time sharing with candidates the possible approach, explanation to the demands of the question as well as further reading material.
Demands: The key issue is an examination of the positive as well as the negative role of Robespierre in the French Revolution.
The key word examine simply implies to observe, inspect carefully or critically and or to interrogate.

Introduction

Robespierre, who led the Jacobins and the National Convention from 1793-1794, looms high in the history of the French Revolution. He left a lasting impression on the history Europe in general and France in particular. Robespierre has been interpreted, re-interpreted as a hero of the French revolution whilst others labelled him a villain. His radicalism [Robespierre] to admirers inspired and gave birth to patriotism, nationalism, a fierce champion who fought against the cancerous corruption which had bedeviled France for a long time among other factors. To critics, Robespierre remains a deviant, fanatic who took his radicalism beyond limits thereby infringing the same rights he claimed to be propagating, led the French society into a loss of humor and dignity towards human life. The foregoing paper seeks to briefly examine the positive and negative role played by Robespierre in the French revolution.

Positive contributions

a) He used the ‘reign of terror’/ repression in trying to save the revolution i.e. he executed the enemies of the revolution. When people were killed those remaining decided either to support the revolution or to remain quiet.
b) He reorganized the army under the leadership of General Carnot. This meant that mob violence was quelled.
c) He also used different forms of propaganda. This was done by misinforming the people. For instance, their motto was “If one is an enemy of the revolution, one is an enemy of the state.” Because of this, people did not want to be seen as enemies of their own state and therefore they were forced to support the revolution.
d) He introduced moderate reforms eg regulation of bread prices and introduction of technical education.
e) Robespierre took advantage of rivalries between the allied powers i.e. Austria and Russia, Austria and Prussia vs Britain.
f) Robespierre also harnessed the resources of the revolution for war time use e.g. the levee en masse.
g) Robespierre also introduced specialization of labour. Specialized protected the revolution because some were specialized in industries while others were in war and this made the people not to be tired.
h) He aroused the spirit of nationalism among the soldiers. As a result of being nationalistic, the French soldiers fought with great zeal as opposed to the grand soldiers of the monarchy who were forced to fight.
I) With the help of the National Convention, Robespierre completed the destruction of feudal regime by establishing a uniform system of weights and measurements.
j) He also began some educational reforms. He promoted technical instruction by founding the technical colleges. Laws providing for the opening of one or more schools in each canton were passed thereby laying the foundation of the public school system. It was left to the Directory however to carry out these laws.
k) He was able to make France the dominant power in Europe.
l) Together with the National Convention, they rendered notable services to the future of France by completing the destruction of the feudal regime, by establishing a uniform system of weights and measures (metric system) which was later adopted by other countries.
m) As leader of the National Convention, he started the work of preparing a uniform code of law for France (a task which Napoleon Bonaparte was to finish and which he was to gunner the credit)
n) He created the National Archives, the museum of the Louvre and the National Library

Negative contribution

-regulation of prices destroyed industries
-Traces of mass bloodshed and terror-“the revolution was now devouring its own children through mass executions” (D. Thomson)
-freedom of expression marginalized through law of suspects
-compulsory conscription into the French army during the revolutionary war era was evil to those who had no desire to join the war

NB: It should however be noted that this is not exhaustive, but more information can be added as this works as a template from which arguments can be developed.

Conclusion

It can be observed from the above that Robespierre, the leader of the Jacobins and National Convention, indeed played a pivotal role in the history of the French Revolution. Although reminiscences of bloodshed and terror can be identified, it is also justifiable to note that he service to France appealed in the long run to the greater good of France with revolution defended at all cost, managed to win against counter-revolutionary elements.

Further reading

K.M. Baker (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, vol. 4, The Terror (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994).
M. Bouloiseau, The Jacobin Republic, 1792–94 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
F. Furet, ‘The Terror’, in Peter Jones (ed.), The French Revolution in Social and Political Perspective (London: Arnold, 1996).
H. Gough, The Terror (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
C. Haydon and W. Doyle (eds), Robespierre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
R.R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
C. Petitfrère, ‘The origins of the civil war in the Vendée’, in Peter Jones (ed.), The French Revolution in Social and Political Perspective (London: Arnold, 1996).
J.M. Thompson, Robespierre (Oxford: Blackwell, 1935), 2 vols.

About Writer

Brian Maregedze an author, historian and blogger writing in his personal capacity.
Feedback, bmaregedze@gmail.com

NEW THINKING, NEW POSSIBILITIES?

NEW THINKING, NEW POSSIBILITIES?
By Brian Maregedze

Pursuing advanced levels at a time when there is uncertainty for future career prospects, school fees to continue with your studies for this academic journey as well as uncertainties shrouding the new curriculum in Zimbabwe may be burdensome not only to the Advanced level candidates but even to parents/guardians. As schools just opened this week, realities of problems affecting every household in Zimbabwe become more real than before. Having all these, l found an interesting read for 2018 which raises hope in these awkward circumstances. This is a practical manual guide for refreshing, re-energizing and re-thinking everyday challenges with a new spirit. Arthur Marara’s 2018 New Year publication defies the odds titled, New Thinking New Possibilities: Unleashing the Winning the mindset. What is the relevance of this e-book to an advanced level student pursuing humanities? The same question can be paused to a classroom practitioner with the same magnitude, is it worth reading and to serve what purpose? Today’s blog post seeks to situate this new reading, publication within the aspects highlighted.

Motivational books, the new Opium?

To the Germany philosopher Karl Marx, religion is the opium of the masses. In the face of crisis to whom does humanity find solace? Is it God, worldly material possession or something? Do motivational thinkers own a stake in all this quest for fulfilment? There is divided attention amongst thinkers on the importance of motivational books with some arguing that there is nothing new that these writers offer mainly African writers. It is also undisputed that there has been an ongoing increase in motivational speakers, writers despite some negative labels attached to some of them accused of failing to walk the talk. Could this be the result of the Zimbabwe’s crisis, high levels of unemployment amongst the youths? Arthur Marara an attorney, author and motivational speaker belongs to a rare breed of young people making a difference in word and practice. Many authors in Zimbabwe haven’t managed to reach his fit as they rarely offer their books for free. It has become Marara’s tradition to offer a free e-book in the month of January to all Zimbabweans. The human spirit by nature desires to have hope, faith and a belief in the ultimate, seeking fulfillment in pursuit of happiness. Marara is well known with his motto, “I want to inspire people, I want someone to look at me and say, “Because of you, I didn’t give up.” This resonates with the African philosophy of Ubuntu. Success isn’t individualistic but rather collective. In as much as there is the use of the Bible, western philosophical quotes, African value systems can be extracted from the book.

Photo caption: Arthur Marara

Motivation and Practical Examples

Personal Life

Arthur Marara orphaned at age 13 did not give in to despair, failure and surrender to life’s struggles. Candidates tend to be demotivated, alienated from their daily school routines due to failure to concentrate. Marara is a living example of persistence and determination despite odd circumstances. He is a successful attorney, public speaker as well as author. He walks the talk and l remember for the past few years Marara has been contacting Seminars for High school students for free on his birthday in an effort to empower, inspire the youths, the future leaders in our country. I have personally witnessed some candidates being offered free textbooks he authored. Interestingly, he authored seven (7) textbooks which have been useful to candidates in the humanities. Recently, on the national broadcasting ZBC Good Morning News he highlighted on his finished projects of new books addressing the demands of the New Curriculum for Advanced level candidates. ‘Success is not for a chosen few, it is for a few who choose’, opens the section on Success is a choice. This aptly informs every living person to have the courage to pursue dreams against odd circumstances.

More importantly during high school Arthur Marara writes of himself as an average student. He believes that anyone and everyone can do whatever they can despite their circumstances. What is needed is having the right mental attitude. Marara notes that he got a U-ungraded at Ordinary level in Mathematics and grade ‘C’ in English Language and even up to University, he had a 3rd class in English and Communication Skills. By using these examples, he isn’t saying those who are good at those academic subjects are irrelevant but pointing to the fact that there other avenues that one can find success in. You only need to be good at what you are doing to change the course of your life. Knowing what you are good at serves to make it a habit as Aristotle is quoted let excellence be a habit.
Arthur Marara is the CEO and founder of Greatness Clinic a non-profit organization and managed to serve Zimbabwean students. His books have revolutionized the authorship of revision guides for Advanced levels not only to students but classroom practitioners as well. In doing so, he defies the odds by inspiring candidates to think beyond attaining a law degree at university but also exploring individual abilities.

Lessons from Econet Wireless Zimbabwe

Motivational speakers, authors extract their lessons from not only their individual life stories but from other successful people, organisations. Arthur Marara is no exception as he uses the story of Econet [mobile network company] as a cut above the rest company run by Strive Masiyiwa. Instead of relying much on foreign imported successful business enterprises, Marara has a universal appeal to examples from KFC to local born gone international Econet Wireless.

Innovation

Whatever you are doing, there is need for continuous innovation to remain relevant, serve the people and in doing so improving the standards of the way businesses operate. ECOCASH is used as a point of departure whereby Econet Wireless has challenged the Banking industry into action, threatening it to be obsolete. Kwese TV again has given a serious challenge to DSTV which for years has enjoyed serious dominance in the world of pay-tv in Zimbabwe. These and other examples of exceptional thinkers are used by Arthur Marara and they are worth pursuing.

Fighting Corruption

Econet is known to be stand out against all odds in the business industry. Marara maintains that, instead of saying everyone is doing, be the exception. This is true as in another work, S. Ramakrishna Velamuri, Resisting Political Corruption: Econet Wireless Zimbabwe (Research Case Study) argues that Econet Wireless remains a classical example of good business ethics.
More lessons can be extracted from Econet Wireless which Marara deals with, it is however important to have a first-hand reading of the e-book.
Interestingly, the reader may be still asking of the new thinking, new possibilities. A collection of 204 inspirational quotes are used to assist readers to get inspiration from. Although the whole book has 298 pages, there are well written in a way that encouraged the reader to continue reading. ‘Every dreamer reading this book, do not give up on your dreams’, forms the introduction of the book and worth a read. New thinking, unlocks new possibilities.

About Writer
Brian Maregedze, author, historian and blogger writing in his personal capacity
Feedback; bmaregedze@gmail.com

Living Your Purpose in 2018

LIVING YOUR PURPOSE, VOLUME 1, FRANK NYAMUNDERO, ISBN: 978-0-620-69214, 2017
Printed by: Media Essentials
Cover Design: Media magnet advertising

“I believe this book is an eye opener”, remarked Frank (p.5), which is undoubtedly true. Many young and old people in Zimbabwe have over the recent past few years made initiatives to venture into the art of persuasion through writing and speaking skillfully. To critics, the lack of originality of thought has been mostly pointed out. In Living Your Purpose, Frank defies the odds, writes a non-fiction un-putdown-able book. With only 67 pages, it didn’t take me long to finish the book. One cannot easily tell that this is the first book to be penned by the young professional counselor based in Harare. The way society’s perception on albinism prevails, has been the outstanding motivation for the young author to prove that indeed there is nothing called disability. God the creator becomes the starting point from which one has to draw support from.

As a devoted Christian, the author starts with the first book in the Holy Bible (Genesis) in which he argues that everything starts from somewhere and moves on to engage the reader with a few Biblical verses. The young people who made it in the face of adversity using the Bible characterize the style of the author, Joseph, David vs Goliath, Jeremiah among others. I think the book of Daniel and life style as presented in the Bible could have also edified this inspirational book. The stories l have known from the Bible are expressed in a unique way that they become new stories in a way, sending motivational vibes. When the world sees you as a failure, what do you do? What do you start with, to find a life of purpose? The answers given in this book are worth reading for every lover of motivational books.

Photo caption: Frank Nyamundero

I do concur with the foreword writer, Patson Dzamara who notes that, “you were not created to vegetate and expire at some point…”. In search of a job, career, life with a purpose l find Frank motivating since he writes reminding everyone that you need to start from somewhere, be the game changer, fight the battles of life ceaselessly. The six poems also written by Oscar Chatendeuka and Tinotenda Nezi makes the book even more exciting, Time To, l could have been, My Path, Ultimate Power, Blessed to be A Blessing and Hold On made this book demonstrate the poetic inspiration. Originality remains outstanding throughout the book. As one who is conscious of the contributions by his countrymen in motivational writing, on chapter thirteen, Arthur Marara (Lawyer, author and motivational speaker) is quoted saying, “what doesn’t add value to you, takes away the value in you”, is aptly quoted. The importance of having proper networks which are life enriching are emphasized on. Other chapters that l found more inspiring include that titled, God Never Sleeps and Grow Each Day you live.

The book is a big YES no doubt. Although there is need to increase your font size on the foreword and acknowledgements part in the book. Classroom practitioners, students, Pastors, church leaders, anyone and everyone who thinks his/her challenges are unsurmountable needs this book. As the year 2018 is in its infants, it is worth reflecting In Living your Purpose.

Brian Maregedze currently a Post graduate candidate and Teaching Assistant in the department History at the University of Zimbabwe respectively.

A passionate writer, author, historian and young academic reviewing in his personal capacity.
bmaregedze@gmail.com